Which of the Following Information Sources Are Peer-reviewed Quizlet
Tummy
The stomach is an organ of the digestive organisation, specialized in the accumulation and digestion of food. Its anatomy is quite complex; information technology consists of four parts, two curvatures and receives its blood supply mainly from the celiac body. Innervation is provided via the vagus nerves and the celiac plexus.
Thanks to the stomach, every human is technically capable of corroding metal and picking up new hobbies, such every bit competitive eating. These are possible due to the extremely potent hydrochloric acid and the expandable nature of this organ.
| Relations | Anteriorly: diaphragm, liver (left lobe), and anterior abdominal wall Posteriorly: omental bursa (lesser sac), pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, spleen, and splenic artery Superiorly: esophagus and diaphragm Inferiorly and laterally: transverse mesocolon |
| Parts | Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part Mnemonic: Cows Find Bulls Passionate |
| Functions | Mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, hormone secretion |
| Layers | Mucosa, southwardubmucosa, muscularis externa and southerosa Mnemonic: M.S.M.Due south |
| Claret supply | Gastric arteries, gastroomental arteries, short gastric arteries, posterior gastric arteries, gastroduodenal artery |
| Innervation | Parasympathetic: vagus nervus (CN X) Sympathetic: celiac plexus (T5-T12) |
| Lymphatics | Juxtacardial, gastric, short gastric, gastroomental, and pyloric lymph nodes Drain to celiac nodes → intestinal lymphatic trunk → cisterna chyli → thoracic duct |
| Clinical point | Hiatal hernia |
In this commodity nosotros'll explore every aspect of the stomach mentioned above, including the precise position of the stomach within the abdominal cavity.
Contents
- Anatomy
- Location
- Parts
- Function
- Microscopic anatomy
- Mnemonic
- Claret vessels
- Innervation
- Lymphatics
- Hiatal hernia
- Sources
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Anatomy
Location
The tummy is the most dilated office of the digestive system, lying between the esophagus and duodenum. More than precisely, the breadbasket spans the region between the cardiac and pyloric orifices of the gastrointestinal tract. It is covered and connected to other organs past peritoneum. The lesser omentum connects the tummy to the liver and and so extends around the stomach. The greater omentum and then continues inferiorly from the stomach, hanging from information technology like a mantle.The peritoneum has a convoluted class that requires visualization for a complete understanding, then study the post-obit resources to avert taking a wrong plow. They trace the trajectory of the peritoneum and provide y'all with an overview of the entire digestive system, including labeling worksheets and a report unit of measurement:
The stomach is located inside the intestinal cavity in a small area called the bed of the stomach, onto which the breadbasket lies when the torso is in a supine position, or lying face up. It spans several regions of the abdomen, including the epigastric, umbilical, left hypochondriac, and left flank regions. The stomach also has some precise anatomical relations and comes in contact with several neighboring structures.
| Anteriorly | Diaphragm, liver (left lobe), and anterior abdominal wall |
| Posteriorly | Omental bursa (bottom sac), pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, spleen, and splenic artery |
| Superiorly | Esophagus and diaphragm |
| Inferiorly and laterally | Transverse mesocolon |
Parts
The tummy consists of several important anatomical parts. The four main sections of the tummy are the cardia, fundus, trunk, and pyloric part. Equally the proper noun implies, the cardia surrounds the cardiac orifice, which is the opening between the esophagus and the tummy. It is the first section that ingested food passes through, representing the inflow office. The fundus is the superior dilation of the stomach, which is located superiorly relative to the horizontal plane of the cardiac orifice.
Adjacent, nosotros have the corpus, or gastric trunk, which is the largest function of the organ. Finally, the pyloric role represents the outflow section of the stomach, passing stomach contents into the duodenum. The pylorus is further divided into 2 distinct areas – the pyloric antrum connected to the stomach and the pyloric canal connected to the duodenum. The contents of the pyloric canal enter into the duodenum via the pyloric orifice, the opening and closing of which are controlled by the pyloric sphincter (pylorus), a circular layer of smooth muscle.
As you might notice in the stomach diagram illustrated higher up, the organ has a feature J-shape created past 2 unequal curvatures. The longer and convex curvature located on the left of the breadbasket is called the greater curvature, this starts from the cardiac notch that is formed between the esophageal border and fundus. In contrast, the shorter concave curvature found to the correct is the bottom curvature. The latter contains a minor notch called the angular incisure which marks the line of intersection betwixt the torso and pyloric part of the stomach.
Mnemonic
You might be wondering if there'southward an like shooting fish in a barrel way to remember the parts of the stomach. Of grade at that place is and we're nearly to tell you! Merely think the phrase ' Cows Find Bulls Passionate', which stands for:
- Cardium
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus
At present to cement your newly caused knowledge about the parts of the tummy take a await at the following study quiz!
Part
The main function of the stomach involves mechanical and chemical digestion of ingested nutrient. Ingested nutrient enters the stomach from the esophagus via the cardiac orifice, falling into gastric juice produced past the tum. Repetitive muscle contractions physically churn food particles, breaking them into smaller fragments which are mixed with the gastric juice. The various enzymes and hydrochloric acid (pH one-2) in the gastric juice intermission food down even more, forming a semi-liquid substance called chyme. This ultimately passes into the duodenum through the pyloric orifice by a process chosen gastric peristalsis. Being a muscular organ, the stomach tin can distend quite a lot, accumulating anywhere between 2 and three liters of food.
Looking for a Kenhub app? You don't need ane! The Kenhub website is fully responsive across all electronic devices, so y'all can hands learn most the anatomy of the stomach anywhere past just continuing to read this page!
In improver to digestion, this organ is likewise involved in a small degree of absorption. Specifically, information technology can absorb water, caffeine, and a small proportion of ingested ethanol. The tum also plays a function in controlling secretion and motion within the digestive tract past releasing several hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastric inhibitory peptide.
Microscopic anatomy
And so far, we've seen the external, macroscopic structure of the tummy. Permit's dive deeper to see its internal and microscopic structure. The tummy consists of iv histological layers called, from interior to exterior, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
When the stomach is empty or contains very small quantities of nutrient, it is in a contracted, shrunken land. The mucosa has a wrinkled aspect, consisting of ridges chosen gastric folds, or rugae. During distension of the organ, the gastric folds disappear. Forth the lesser curvature of the stomach, a temporary, continuous furrow called gastric culvert is formed between the gastric folds. This facilitates the passage of saliva and fluids during swallowing.
The mucosa is lined past uncomplicated columnar epithelium which is covered by a protective, alkaline mucous layer. The epithelial layer contains numerous invaginations, chosen gastric pits, that extend deeper into structures called gastric glands. Depending on the part of the stomach, these glands consist of various cell types. Mucous neck cells produce the mucous layer, while parietal cells secrete muriatic acid. Chief cells release pepsinogen, an inactive precursor that will transform into the active pepsin enzyme in a low pH environment. In turn, neuroendocrine cells release various hormones mentioned previously.
Moving externally, the side by side layer is the submucosa. Information technology consists of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
The third layer is chosen muscularis externa and consists of three polish muscle sub-layers. From internal to external, they are called inner oblique, centre circular, and external longitudinal. The inner oblique layer is located throughout the unabridged organ and works in unison with the other layers to produce the physical motion and contractions of the stomach required for digestion. The middle circular layer is located concentrically to the long centrality of the breadbasket throughout the organ and plays an important office in forming the pyloric sphincter. The external longitudinal layer is situated in the ii curvatures of the tummy in a longitudinal mode. Last just not least, the serosa consists of the visceral peritoneum that covers the stomach.
Examination your noesis on the microanatomy of the stomach with our quiz.
Mnemonic
You can easily remember the layers of the stomach wall using a mnemonic. ' Grand.Southward.Chiliad.S', which stands for:
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Southwarderosa
Blood vessels
The overall blood supply of the tummy originates from the intestinal aorta and is provided from two anastomotic systems forth the curvatures and several straight branches. The anastomosis along the lesser curvature is created by the spousal relationship of the correct and left gastric arteries which originate from the common hepatic artery and celiac body respectively. The greater curvature anastomosis is formed by the union of the right and left gastroomental arteries (gastroepiploic), which originate from the gastroduodenal and splenic arteries respectively.
The splenic avenue also sends out short and posterior gastric arteries, which directly supply the fundus and upper body of the stomach. The pyloric function receives arterial blood from the gastroduodenal avenue, which stems from the mutual hepatic artery. The veins draining the stomach follow the course and classification of the arteries very closely. They ultimately drain into three large vessels called the hepatic portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins.
Do you lot want to find out how every blood vessels twists and turns as it snails towards its respective gastric portion?
Innervation
The breadbasket receives involuntary innervation by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Parasympathetic innervation originates from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks, which stem from the left and correct vagus fretfulness (CN X), respectively. The anterior vagal trunk mainly supplies a portion of the anterior surface of the stomach, likewise as the pylorus. The larger posterior vagal body innervates the remaining anterior surface, equally well as the entire posterior surface. Parasympathetic innervation is responsible for inducing gastric secretion and motility, every bit well as relaxation of the pyloric sphincter during gastric emptying. The vagus nerves as well carry sensations of pain, fullness, and nausea from the stomach.
In dissimilarity, sympathetic innervation is provided by the celiac plexus. The nerve impulses originate from the 5th to twelfth thoracic spinal nerves (T5-T12) and travel to the celiac plexus via the greater splanchnic nerves. Sympathetic innervation is responsible for inhibiting gastric motility and constricting the pyloric sphincter, thus preventing gastric emptying.
Lymphatics
The lymphatic drainage of the stomach is variable between individuals but the same regional lymph nodes are generally involved. These are the:
- juxtacardial nodes (a.one thousand.a. paracardial nodes),
- gastric nodes (of which in that location are left and right, respective to the left and correct gastric arteries),
- short gastric nodes (corresponding to the brusk gastric arteries)
- gastroomental nodes (a.k.a. gastroepiploic, of which at that place are left and right following the arteries of the same names),
- pyloric nodes (made upward of the supra-, infra- (or sub-) and retropyloric groups).
These groups bleed into the celiac nodes which drain through the intestinal lymphatic trunk into the cisterna chyli (if nowadays) and from in that location catamenia into the thoracic duct. Some drainage will ofttimes occur from the stomach to the splenic and superior mesenteric nodes.
For more about the lymphatic drainage of the stomach accept a expect at the following resources:
Hiatal hernia
A hiatal hernia is a protrusion of function of the tum into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Any gastric part can be involved, but the most common situation is a protrusion of the gastroesophageal junction (sliding hiatal hernia), bookkeeping for 95% of cases. The fundus of the tum (paraesophageal hiatal hernia), multiple parts, or even the unabridged organ can herniate into the mediastinum, making the pathology quite varied.
There are several causes of hiatal hernias, such every bit trauma, congenital malformations, and previous surgery. Possibly the most mutual, however, is advanced age which results in weakening of the diaphragm and widening of the esophageal hiatus, facilitating protrusions.
Patients suffering from hiatal hernias are by and large asymptomatic just can complain of not-specific symptoms like heartburn (pyrosis), regurgitation, dysphagia, epigastric discomfort, postprandial fullness, and nausea. Due to their asymptomatic nature, hiatal hernias are mostly diagnosed incidentally during upper endoscopy or imaging performed for other specific reasons.
Asymptomatic hiatal hernias are treated conservatively, managing the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux affliction for example. Symptomatic hernias, withal, require surgical intervention.
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